Effects of Popaganda films on World War II Essay -- essays papers

Effects of popaganda films on WWIIThe effects of film on WWII propaganda Without the advent of the medium of film to wage a state of war of propaganda both the Axis and the Allies of World War II would have found it difficult to gather as much support for their causes as they did. Guns, tanks, and bombs were the headliner weapons of World War II, but there were other, more subtle, forms of warfare as well. Words, posters, and films waged a constant battle for the hearts and minds of the masses of the world just as surely as military weapons engaged the enemy. Persuading the state-supported became a wartime industry, almost as important as the manufacturing of bullets andplanes. Both sides launched an aggressive propaganda campaign to galvanize public support, and some of these nations foremost intellectuals, artists, andfilmmakers became warriors on that front.Propaganda in the broadest sense is the technique of influencing human action by the manipulation of representations. T hese representations may take the spoken, written, pictorial, or musical form. Since the cinema uses all four of these types of representations, a filmmaker would seem to wield a lot of power as a propagandist. If he so chooses to use his power to its fullest potential. The essential distinction lies in the intentions of the propagandist to persuade an audience to adopt the attitude or action he or she espouses. This is ever so so prevalent as Hitler gained support from his nation to exterminate the Jewish volume from Germany and Europe alike. He adopted such support by development his Nazi propaganda films as a weapon of mass distraction and manipulation of the people of Germany. If he had not idealized the German soldier as a hero, and bestowed nationalism in his people, and blamed the economic problems of German on the Jewish race then he never would have been able to accomplish what he had in such a short amount of time. The most famous Nazi propaganda film is Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew).Der Ewige Jude was engineered by Hitlers Minister of Propaganda.It was created to legitimize the exclusion, and the eventually the destruction, of an entire people. It depicts the Jews of Poland as corrupt, filthy, lazy, ugly, and perverse they are an alien people which have taken over the world through their control of banking and commerce, yet which still stand like animals. The narra... ...at the various means of propaganda have on the great masses, film is without question the most powerful. The written and spoken word depend entirely on the content or on the emotional appeal of the speaker, but film uses pictures, pictures that for eighty years have been accompanied by sound. We know that the impact of a message is greater if it is less abstract, more visual. That makes it clear why film, with its series of continually moving images, must have a particular persuasive force. pictorial matter is a very effective tool in waging a war. With out it, it would b e hard to get the people to stand behind you andsupport your cause. Without the people it is hard to win a war. Thus I feel that with out films contribution to the propaganda effort the WWII would have been very, very different.BibliographyDer exige Jude Quellenkritische Analyse eines antisemititschen Propagandaf ilms, Institute Fur Wissenschaftlichen Film, Gottingen, 1995,p.134Ellul, Jacques, Propaganda The formation of Mens Attitudes. New York Alfred A. Knoph, 1965.Hippler, Fritz, Der Film als Waffe, Unser Wille und Weg, 7(1937), pp.21-23.Propaganda, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.

Henry David Thoreaus Walden and Aldo Leopolds A Sand County Almanac E

total heat David Thoreaus Walden and Aldo Leopolds A Sand County AlmanacWhile discussing Henry David Thoreaus Walden and Aldo Leopolds A Sand County Almanac, we attempted to address an important challenge -- Is the close observation and description of nature merely an idle thing for people in directlys world? It could be suggested that nature writing and the close enjoyment of natural environments is merely recreational and not intellectually, economically, or politically worthy of our efforts. Perhaps this operation has spiritual value or gives us a sense of peace. But does it really have anything to do with the way we recognize in the world today? It seems to me that this question is central to the whole course of study and that we need to be able to answer it convincingly and in some detail. In my view, there plunder be no doubt to the correct answer. The close observation and description of nature is no idle thing. It is an act of world-making, or founding ones world view. S ince port is determined by the ways in which one sees the world (reality), it is the groundwork of ones behavior. It is this act in which we find both Thoreau and Leopold engaged. Thoreau himself comments on its significance in the essay, Where I Lived and What I fitd For. By closely observing, but especially by describing (by using language) we establish our lives within the whole natural world. We express our desire and commitment to live within that world. Now, perhaps this sounds trivial and trite in todays world, but it is no trivial commitment for a citizen of today. Modern human life is set so firmly within a human-built world and dwells so thoroughly on human issues only that it is normal for us all to grow up and live out our lives... ... goal of that culture is to keep us outside of our human selves, located firmly within its agendas and serving its purposes. That culture does not want to have it away another world, a natural world. To do that would be allowing human l iberation, for that would present people with a true picture of who they are and offer them a come in that is not dominated by the formal political/economic agenda of today. This is no idle thing it is a powerful political issue, in fact. The established culture does not really want its citizens to live in any world but the specific one that it provides, that it has defined, and that it controls to its advantage. When we read Thoreaus Walden closely, we see this same pagan tension even one hundred and fifty years ago. Thoreau was well aware of the fact that his life at Walden Pond was a liberating counter-cultural experience.

Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

The Industrial variation began in the early 1800s. Theindustrial revolution could not have happened if theagricultural revolution had not preceded it.During the Agricultural Revolution severalinventions that reduced the need for man power wereinvented. Two of those inventions were the Jethro Tullseeding drill and the like gin. The seeding drill plantedseeds in rows which made the arrays easier to manage andharvest. The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by EliWhitney, it took the seeds out of the cotton. The cotton ginmade it so that the make that previously needed to be doneby fifty men could now be done by one. An idea of theagricultural revolution was crop rotation. Crop rotation wasswitching the crops into different fields each year whichallowed farmers to produce 25 % more crops and morefood means more macrocosm up. During the agricultural revolution population wentup and less people were needed to work on the farms.There were a sens of people that needed jobs unless there werenot a lot of jobs for people on farms so the people turned tothe cities. The time when people went into the cities looking for jobs which caused the populations of the cities to atleast iterate was called urbanization. During urbanizationthe city of Manchester in the United kingdom grew from50,000 people to 500,00 people, this rapid increase ofpopulation took place during an extremely short period oftime. The United land became the place where theindustrial revolution was born. It happened here becausethe UK had land, labor, and wealth. Factories arose first inthe UK and then all over Europe.Since there were factories everywhere, there wereplenty of jobs for the people. Even though the factories did domiciliate jobs for the people they were not good jobs. People started working as young as the age of six. Theaverage work day was 14-16 hours, and thats a lot ofworking hours, especially for a young child. Inside the factories the conditions were absolutelydreadful. The air was f ull of dust and other things thatmade it practically unbreathable, the machines weredangerous and often took a persons limbs or injured them inother ways. Because the work days were so long and theworkers were practically on their feet the entire day peoplebecame deformed and had problems with their legs. contempt all the hard labor and dangers of the work place theworkers were still paid next to nothing.Eventually working conditions did improve. One of the things that helped improve conditions wereunions. Unions were when all of the workers got together

Sound Essay -- Hearing Papers

hygienicIt may be commonplace to point out that acoustic naturalism and perceptual reality be different. In a live performance situation, for example, no matter how still the audience, the environment will be exuberant of sounds extraneous to the music. If a show recorder were positi aced somewhere in the midst of such a situation, and if a segment of the resulting tape were submitted to digital sound analysis, the results would highlight the difference between what one heard during the performance (what is presumably captured on the tape), and what analysis confirms the tape actu solelyy contains. Sound analysis reveals the behavior of sound in the physical world. In this case, analysis would show that soundwaves from all the sound sources in the environment -- the various instruments of the performance, perhaps the stirring of the audience, or the sound of vehicles passing beyond the confines of the performance setting -- the multitude of acoustic segments that make up ea ch of these sounds do non remain conveniently grouped by source. Rather, the components of all these sounds mix together, combining into a single, very(prenominal) complex waveform which is represented on the tape and revealed through analysis. This is because sound waves are additive, like waves in water, multiplying in quality rather than quantity.In the simplest possible terms, what digital analysis uncovers are the acoustic features of the sounds captured by the tape recorder what are actually heard are the perceptual features of the same sounds. The acoustic and perceptual characteristics of sound are not the same, nor in many cases is there a one-to-one correspondence between them.Parameters of SoundIn a very general sense, sounds in a normal environment consist o... ...on provided by either form of presentation is an approximation at best, limited by the declaration capabilities of both the digitizer and the analyzer, as well as by the fineness of detail possible in the g raphic let on of the software. It is also important to be cautious in considering which details of the visual representation of a sound sample are salient to the sound as perceived often the construe of a sound will include clearly visible elements which are acoustically present in the sound further too short in duration, or too soft in intensity to register perceptually. A useful maxim in this regard is the pursual If a discrete element is filtered from a sound with no difference to the resulting tonal sensation, then the element is unimportant to the final percept and need not be considered in rendering the data, no matter how blatantly it appears in analysis. Sound Essay -- Hearing PapersSoundIt may be commonplace to point out that acoustic reality and perceptual reality are different. In a live performance situation, for example, no matter how still the audience, the environment will be full of sounds extraneous to the music. If a tape recorder were position ed somewhere in the midst of such a situation, and if a segment of the resulting tape were submitted to digital sound analysis, the results would highlight the difference between what one heard during the performance (what is presumably captured on the tape), and what analysis confirms the tape actually contains. Sound analysis reveals the behavior of sound in the physical world. In this case, analysis would show that soundwaves from all the sound sources in the environment -- the various instruments of the performance, perhaps the stirring of the audience, or the sound of vehicles passing beyond the confines of the performance context -- the multitude of acoustic elements that make up each of these sounds do not remain conveniently grouped by source. Rather, the components of all these sounds mix together, combining into a single, very complex waveform which is represented on the tape and revealed through analysis. This is because sound waves are additive, like waves in water, mult iplying in quality rather than quantity.In the simplest possible terms, what digital analysis uncovers are the acoustic features of the sounds captured by the tape recorder what are actually heard are the perceptual features of the same sounds. The acoustic and perceptual characteristics of sound are not the same, nor in many cases is there a one-to-one correspondence between them.Parameters of SoundIn a very general sense, sounds in a normal environment consist o... ...on provided by either form of presentation is an approximation at best, limited by the resolution capabilities of both the digitizer and the analyzer, as well as by the fineness of detail possible in the graphic display of the software. It is also important to be cautious in considering which details of the visual representation of a sound sample are salient to the sound as perceived often the picture of a sound will include clearly visible elements which are acoustically present in the sound but too short in durati on, or too soft in intensity to register perceptually. A useful maxim in this regard is the following If a discrete element is filtered from a sound with no difference to the resulting tonal sensation, then the element is unimportant to the final percept and need not be considered in interpreting the data, no matter how blatantly it appears in analysis.

Robert D. Furchgott’s Contribution to the Discovery of Nitric Oxide as

Introduction In 1998 the Nobel Prize in physiology was awarded to three scientists for their contribution to the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as a physiological singling molecule, particularly in vascular smooth muscle Dr. Robert F. Furchgott, Dr. Louis J. Ignarro, and Dr. Ferid Murad1,2. Although the Prize was only initially awarded to Furchgott and Murad, it was later admitted that without the work of Ignarro an important link would not have been made. More specifically, in 1977 Murad found that nitric oxide was the active molecule causing vasodilation when studying the effects of vasodilatory effects nitroglycerine1,2. In 1980 when studying the effects of vasodilatory effects or acetylcholine in track down aorta, Furchgott found that vascular endothelial cells are necessary for vascular smooth muscle relaxation3. He concluded that endothelial cells produce what he called endothelium-derived relaxing part (EDRF), a signaling molecule that caused vascular smooth mus cle to relax1,3. Lastly, in 1986 Ignarro, showing that vascular endothelial cells produced similar responses when stimulated to produce EDRF and when exposed to NO, find out that nitric oxide and EDRF were the same molecule, thereby uniting the work of Murad and Furchgott into a cohesive vasodilatory model1,2.Nitric Oxide and Vascular Relaxation Nitric oxide is an abundant and diverse secondary signaling molecule throughout the body, playing roles in memory, learning, inflammation, and blood pressure. It is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from L-arginine and oxygen, though there are three known types of NOS NOS 1, NOS 2 and NOS 34. NOS 1 and 3 are stimulated by high intracellular calcium ion concentrations, as caused by vasodilators l... ...el Prize Awarded to Scientists for Nitric Oxide Discoveries. Circulation 98, 2365-23662.Raju T. (2000). The Nobel Chronicles. The Lancet, 356, 3463.Furchgott R. F. (2003). Nobel Lecture. Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1 996-2000.4.Barrett K. E., Barman S. M., Boitano S., Brooks H. L. Ganongs Review of Medical Physiology (2012). Ganongs Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw-Hill5.Nobel Prize.org (2014, February 25). Robert F. Furchgott - Biographical. Retrieved from http//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/furchgott-bio.html6.Furchgott R. F., Zawadzki J. V. (1980). The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature, 288, 337-3767.Martin W. (2009). Robert F. Furchgott, Nodel laureate (1916-2009) - a personal reflection. British Journal of Pharmacology. 158(3), 633-637

Robert D. Furchgott’s Contribution to the Discovery of Nitric Oxide as

Introduction In 1998 the Nobel Prize in physiology was awarded to three scientists for their contribution to the discovery of azotic oxide (NO) as a physiological singling molecule, particularly in vascular smooth muscle Dr. Robert F. Furchgott, Dr. Louis J. Ignarro, and Dr. Ferid Murad1,2. Although the Prize was only initially awarded to Furchgott and Murad, it was later admitted that without the work of Ignarro an important link would not have been made. More specifically, in 1977 Murad found that nitric oxide was the active molecule causing vasodilation when studying the effects of vasodilatory effects nitroglycerine1,2. In 1980 when studying the effects of vasodilatory effects or acetylcholine in rabbit aorta, Furchgott found that vascular endothelial cells are necessary for vascular smooth muscle relaxation3. He concluded that endothelial cells produce what he called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), a preindication molecule that caused vascular smooth musc le to relax1,3. Lastly, in 1986 Ignarro, showing that vascular endothelial cells produced similar responses when horny to produce EDRF and when exposed to NO, determined that nitric oxide and EDRF were the aforesaid(prenominal) molecule, thereby uniting the work of Murad and Furchgott into a cohesive vasodilatory model1,2.Nitric Oxide and Vascular Relaxation Nitric oxide is an abundant and diverse secondary signaling molecule passim the body, playing roles in memory, learning, inflammation, and blood pressure. It is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from L-arginine and oxygen, though there are three known types of NOS NOS 1, NOS 2 and NOS 34. NOS 1 and 3 are stimulated by high intracellular calcium ion concentrations, as caused by vasodilators l... ...el Prize Awarded to Scientists for Nitric Oxide Discoveries. Circulation 98, 2365-23662.Raju T. (2000). The Nobel Chronicles. The Lancet, 356, 3463.Furchgott R. F. (2003). Nobel Lecture. Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1996-2000.4.Barrett K. E., Barman S. M., Boitano S., Brooks H. L. Ganongs Review of health check Physiology (2012). Ganongs Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw-Hill5.Nobel Prize.org (2014, February 25). Robert F. Furchgott - Biographical. Retrieved from http//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/furchgott-bio.html6.Furchgott R. F., Zawadzki J. V. (1980). The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature, 288, 337-3767.Martin W. (2009). Robert F. Furchgott, Nodel laureate (1916-2009) - a personal reflection. British Journal of Pharmacology. 158(3), 633-637

Attachment Report Bsc Hon Comp Science (Afrosoft Holdings Limited) Essay

This report serves to provide the reader with a summary of the third year industrial appurtenance showing the work and enquiry d maven in the field of software engineering whilst at Afrosoft Holdings (Ltd. ). It also highlights the experience gained during this same time.This is a report on the one-year industrial attachment program held in the third -year of study as part of the 4-year Bachelor Of Science Honors degree in Computer Science program at the bailiwick University of Science and Technology (NUST), starting 2nd of July 2012 at Afrosoft Corporation. In the first chapter of this report, an introduction to Afrosoft as a corporation is made, giving the organizational structure of the accompany, and the companys product brand. The services provided by the company are also noted in this chapter.The second chapter focuses upon the methodologies settled upon by Afrosoft, and focus is made on the Microsoft Solutions framework which the company uses extensively. The following chap ter then gives an insight on the three-tier software architecture that Afrosoft has concentrated upon. A brief discussion of other types of architectures is also given. Technologies utilize most at the company are discussed next in the fourth chapter. These include technologies used in the past, and technologies being used in newer projects.Following this chapter is one on data access components and Microsoft SQL server, which are used by Afrosoft in almost every last(predicate) of its products. After this is a chapter on the projects that the author participated in at the company, detailing the responsibilities assigned and the technologies learnt from each of them. Beyond that, the remaining chapters discuss what was learnt during the attachment period and an overall outlook on the experience gained. Acknowledgements Great thanks go to all the staff at Afrosoft Corporation, and especially to the Software Development Department.I wish to extend my sincerest gratitude to the noted persons, the Software Development immediate manager Mr. safari Musasiwa, for your motivation, support, patience and mentoring. Software Developers in the department, Tanyaradzwa Chamarime, Brighton Chaparadza, Gerry Vhera, Edson Jengwa, Joseph Bodzo and Kurai Mombeshora. My learning from you will surely be a cornerstone for my success and achievement in the IT field and in all facets of life, your support and team spirit remains a debt to me . Indeed I owe you my heartfelt gratitude. Thank you team.Also special thanks to my family who always showed their fuck and support through-out this period. Many thanks are also extended to all fellow students on attachment. I also express gratitude to Mr. K. Sibanda and Mrs. S. S. Dube, my industrial attachment co-ordinaters. put out but not least of all praise and thanks be to God the Almighty for his protection and loving guidance. Thank you all. List of Tables Table 2. 1Models under Microsoft solutions Framework21 List of Figures Figure 1. 1 Organizational structure5 Figure 1. 2 Product Brand9 Figure 1. 3 Older AfroPACK Products11 Figure 1.

Chloroplast Tour Guide

Tour guide script Hello, my name is Seth and this is Mason. We will be your tour guides on this wonderful trip of the chloroplast Once we outstrip the cellular telephone membrane we will see a couple little green nuggets, these atomic number 18 known as chloroplasts. Its what makes these plants autotrophs or organisms that create their own energy. They receive no specific location and are usually spread throughout the cells cytoplasm. Alright we are going to pass into this chloroplast here. Once we pass through the outer membrane there is going to be a space between the outer and inner membrane.After we pass through this we will be into the chloroplast. Once inside the chloroplast we will stop by Grana Towers a heavy(p) hotel complex, which will serve us with free desserts sweetened by the plants sugar itself, isnt glucose great? (After Meal at the Grana Towers) Let us proceed with the tour. Now if you look left youll see a huge stack of what looks like discs. This is a granum o r a stack of thylakoids. Now look around and notice the natural lighting. All of this light comes from the sun and helps convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.Plants are made green from a pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight. This granum absorbs the sunlight inside the chloroplast. And starts what is called the light reaction. Which from the name you could probably tell uses light to fuel the reaction. Thats photosynthesis As you kindle see here as we enter the granum. There is a light reaction now occurring. If you look closely to can see these little pigments, as I mentioned before, called chlorophyll. The energy from the sunlight allows water that is also absorbed to split creating oxygen, which is then released into to the atmosphere.This energy is also carried through a system of electrons creating an energy flux called NAPDH. But thats not all ATP which is the main energy storing compound in any plant cell is also produced during this part of photosynthesis. That was great now wasnt it? Most of the tourist dont get to find oneself a light reaction You all are very palmy Now I hope you all are some night owls because were going to need to stay up late to witness the Calvin bike the part of photosynthesis that occurs once night comes.Now, for the time being let us return to Grana Towers and we will continue with our tour in a couple of hours. Oh, I almost forgot, Grana Towers will also be providing you with complementary salads for dinner Yum (Calvin troll) Ok now I know its late but you are about to witness the Calvin Cycle The part of photosynthesis that occurs during the night. The place where this cycle occurs is in the stroma which is all the spaces in between all of the granum. Since there is no light to use for energy the Calvin Cycle relies on ATP and NAPDH to fuel its process.The Calvin Cycle process results in sugars. You know like the ones we had for dessert this morning Anyway, it creates these sugars by u sing carbon dioxide which it converts into a 3-carbon speck then goes through a system of other reactions to form PGAL this compound allows the plant to make the sugars. I hate to say this But now its time for us to say our goodbyes I really enjoyed your company and I wish you will comeback to once again enjoy this wonderful cell organelle Well, Goodbye

The Impact of Training and Development on the Employees

THE IMPACT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE EMPLOYEES OF THE INSURANCE SECTOR IN JORDAN THE PURPOSE OF THE subject field To examine the procedures of training and development in the insurance sector and its effect on the quality of service and the degree of commitment from the employees to their organizations as it is a in truth essential subject since Training and Development is the framework for helping employees to develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities.The focus of all aspects of Human Resource Development is on developing the most superior workforce so that the organization and individual employees can accomplish their work goals in service to customers , All employees want to be valuable and remain competitive in the labour market at all times. This can only be achieved by employee training and development.Employees will unendingly want to develop career-enhancing skills, which will always lead to employee motivation and retention. There is no doubt that a well-trained and developed staff will be a valuable asset to the company and thereby increasing the chances of his efficiency in discharging his or her duties, so our main focus about the practises of training and development in the insurance sector as it is a very important service sector .And to study the relationship between training and development with job enjoyment and morale among employees , inter personal relationship and customer satisfaction , employee motivation, efficiencies in processes, financial gain , capacity to adopt new technologies and methods , innovation in strategies and products , employee employee turnover , company image and productivity. METHODOLOGYWe are going to examine two of the most well-known companies in Jordan (Arab insurance company and Jordanian insurance company) through a qualitative research , data will be collected through a couple of interviews with some of the employees of the two companies from many managerial levels and by gathering primary information through literature review from recent journal papers and books. GROUP MEMBERS * Sara khano * Bashar Kafafi * Lama Daas * Eman Khalil * Shireen Shakaa

Speech Outline on Ocd

Informative Speech Outline psychoneurotic Compulsive Disorder I. Attention Getter A. Show Obsessive Compulsive Disorder clip from you tube. http//www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=sZYRVwjv1ws II. Background A. 1 out of every 100 adults suffers from neurotic Disorder, and even more atomic number 18 affected by its symptoms. B. Living with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder butt joint be so severe and time-consuming that it literally becomes uncontrollable and disabling to your life and can cause you to have a low quality of life because the disorder controls your days. mayo Clinic) C. Its difficult to live with someone or a family outgrowth who has Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as I can speak from experience. III. Thesis A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a disorder that makes an individual have an fixing with organization, rules, and or perfection which causes them to have a specific way of doing things in everyday tasks. Transition Today I will be talking intima tely three main factors to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder IV. Main Points A.Symptoms B. Causes C. Treatment Transition I would first like to discuss the symptoms to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. V. Body A. Symptoms Those who have obsessional compulsive disorder have obstinate obsessions and use compulsions to control the anxiety these contemplations create. 1. The typical obsessions of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder atomic number 18 the need for order, neatness, exactness, symmetry, fear of causing deterioration to another, fear of being embarrassed, fear of germs. 2.The most common compulsions a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder deal with in their daily life be listed as constantly ordering certain objects, straightening and cleaning things, repeatedly washing hands, refusing to touch doorknobs or handles, refusing to shake hands, and repeating certain phrases, words, or prayers. Transition Now that I have told you about the symptoms of OCD, I will inform you on the cause s. B. Causes Researches have yet to determine an exact cause of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Through studies they have effect two factors that are primarily the common causes. 1.An individuals physical environment commonly causes Obsessive Compulsive-Disorder. The stresses of life, a death in the family or close down friend, or an abusive relationship or childhood can all cause and make the severity of the disorder inferior. 2. Experts believe through studies biological factors are a common causes to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. WebMD states, Brain scans of people with OCD have shown that they have different patterns of brain activity than people without OCD and that abnormal functioning of circuitry within a certain part of the brain (striatum) may cause the disorder. WebMd) Transition To finish I would like to discuss the methods of treating OCD. C. Treatment There is treatment for those who suffer from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, but unfortunately many individuals who ha ve this disorder refuse to seek treatment and will often deny they have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. 1. rede is one recommended and common treatment. The most effective type of counseling is a type of cognitive-behavior therapy called exposure and response prevention.It consists of exposing the individual to the obsession that causes anxiety, starting from moderate to extreme. 2. Medicines are the second alternative and common treatment to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Antidepressants are often prescribed to treat OCD and are proven to be the most effective. Individuals are monitored on the effectiveness of the prescribed medication, and results determine will determine the increase of dosage or the change of prescription. VI. ConclusionIn conclusion, there are many individuals who have minimum cases where they gaint visualize they have to disorder and have little effect to severe cases where it causes an effect on individuals to have a negative relationship with family, frien ds, and acquaintances. I hope you gained new screwledge about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and its symptoms being obsessive and compulsive, the causes being environmental and biological, and treatments being counseling and medicines.You may realize you know more people with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder than what you have thought you knew of, or that you may potentially have a minor case of OCD that you did not realize before now. OCD is a common disorder many Americans are challenged with every day, and its important to be aware of it for those who do not have it to aid better understand those who do have it, and for those who do have OCD to seek help and get the disorder under control.Works cited Mayo Clinic, Staff. Obsessive-compulsive disorder . Mayo Clinic. Health on the Net (HON), 10 Aug 212. Web. 12 Feb 2013. . Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . WebMd. Healthwise, 21 Jun 2010. Web. 12 Feb 2013. . Robinson, Lawrence, Melinda Smith, and Jeanne Segal. Obsessive-Compulsive Diso rder . HelpGuide A Trusted Non-Profit Resource. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Feb 2013. . Walker, Rachel, dir. OCD. 2008. Web. 17 March 2008. .

Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American Civil Rights Essay

To what Degree was Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American civil Rights?After the annihilate of the civil war, there were many issues which needed to be addressed. The civil rights of the African Americans were in need of change, and during this period there were hopes that new jurisprudence would be implemented to aid African Americans and other minority groups. This legislation would be called the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment of 1868 (which promised equality), and finally the 15th Amendment (which gave the right to vote). However, condescension the positive legislation, reconstruction aggravated a lot of people and brought the southern states into conflict with the Government.The Freedmens Bureau was established in 1865, which aimed to provide food, clothing, and fuel to black-tie slaves and white refugees. The Freedmens Bureau bill was in addition passed by Abraham capital of Nebraska however Johnson vetoed it, however a supplementary act exte nded its existence until 1870. This was very good for black rights, as it gave blacks more protection and a safety net if they were too poor to buy food and support their families. However, it was only meant as a temporary act, and therefore there was always the looming feeling that it would soon come to an end, and also the promises of it were not fulfilled to the extent at which it was said to be.The Amendments which were introduced also gave black people a real hope in gaining independence and freedom. The 13th amendment was introduced in 1865, and this guaranteed the permanent abolishment of slavery. The emancipation proclamation which was introduced by Abraham Lincoln was seen as more of a temporary fix whilst the war was going on, however the 13th amendment solidified it and made it a more permanent and exceed reality. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within t he coupled States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.However, although by law it states that there shall be no slavery, slavery continued on a more secluded basis. Sharecropping still existed, and freedmen who had come out of slavery with no qualifications or experience became unemployed, so the living conditions for most freedmen did not improve. Slave-owners were also reluctant to let their slaves leave, and a good deal kept them illegally.The 14th Amendment however was introduced in 1870, and this aimed to further secure the rights of the freedmen. This turned out to be one of the most important Amendments ever made to the American constitution. It threatened to reduce the representation of the states which continued to discriminate. However, a loophole in this law was that the states which continued to discriminate would just accept the unequal representation, save carry on with their distinction, yet just not so obvious. Therefore by rough, this could be seen as a false dawn, as it did address the issue of freedmen not having rights, but it also created a loophole for the southern states to take advantage of.The 15th Amendment was introduced two years later, which aimed to cover the loophole which was created by the 14th amendment. This stated Section 1. The right of citizens of the get together States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or old condition of servitudeThis was a huge step forward for black civil rights, as this means that the south was not able to carry on with their discrimination against many voters, and this nullified the loophole in the law which was created by the 14th Amendment. However, more loopholes were created with this, with unattainable requirements being implemented just to be able to vote. For example, voters in some states had to be taxpayers which was not possible for freedmen, as most were not earning enough to be able to pay tax, and also literacy tests were introduced which were severely biased against black people, with questions which were only unanswerable.Another reason why this did not entirely work was be realise of the uprising of the KKK. They were a terrorist group which aimed to scare black people into not choose, and to basically cause terror because they were black. They at first were not an ultra-violent group, however as time progressed they quickly became increasingly violent, as lynchings were common, and they would often target the black people who were doing wellhead for themselves, I.E lawyers who were doing a lot for civil rights, or those who went to vote. Because of this huge suppression and hatred, a lot of black people were scared to vote and in reality voting was not a freedom for black people.Some historians would say that reconstruction it itself did not really care for the black rights, and that it was a political move to puree and remain Republican power in the south. Abraham Lincol n himself did not have a clear policy for freed slaves after the Civil War, so reconstruction was not seen as a solid plan from the start, it was looking like a false dawn.False Dawn something which seems to show that a successful period is start-off or that a situation is improving when it is not.Reconstruction The act of constructing again, of rebuildingBibliography * Wikipedia* Class Notes* Civil Rights In America Ron Field* About.com

A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner

Nor can she be a wife and mother equivalent others. Her fathers overprotection is obviously the root of all her monstrosities. (IOW) Born In a noble family, she lives In the lap of luxury, but the material life does not plow for her sufferings. In fact, she Is Like fish In bowl, bird In cage as her fathers thinks, none of the young men were quite good enough for piteous her, a beautiful young aristocrat with a miserable life Obviously, she deserves to live a better life and should have done whatever she desires friendship, slam and a happy Emily worry others as those are basic unspoiledlys of a human being.In contrast, she imprisons herself in her own house while living in seclusion and boredom. (owe) Moreover, she is not free to live her own life because of her fathers overprotection. As a pretty well-off girl, she is the target of lots of men. That means she has many opportunities to choose her right man. Unfortunately, her father is obviously a huge obstacle for her to liv e on her own. We readers can figure out what she has to suffer spiritually during her childhood beside a sniffy father whose overprotection Is so relent that her life Is considered stolen.Her portray Is painted as a slender figure In white in the background. In fact, she is just a shadow beside her father. (owe) Her Tanners overprotection Is ten root AT all near monstrosities. Her extreme dependence on him results in monstrous workings in her life. A new page of her life is opened when Homer Barron, a Yankee and daily laborer, appears. His appearance changes her life, but the fate doesnt smile to her. Her forgetting nobility oblige in order to live with him finally receives his betrayal. The hatred and desperation in her cake her commit a dreadful crime murder.What surprises and terrifies us some is that she continues to live with his corpse in the bridal room for many years without being detected. (owe) To sum up, William Faulkner is really a talented artist who paints the imag e of a miserable woman who suffers too much. She should be happy with her own decisions, but her fathers overprotection deprives her of happiness to be a wife and mother. Moreover, she is unprepared to adapt herself to a new situation. Her life is a real hell with losses and lack of eff.A Rose for Emily-William FaulknerNor can she be a wife and mother like others. Her fathers overprotection is obviously the root of all her monstrosities. (IOW) Born In a noble family, she lives In the lap of luxury, but the material life does not overcompensate for her sufferings. In fact, she Is Like fish In bowl, bird In cage as her fathers thinks, none of the young men were quite good enough for lamentable her, a beautiful young aristocrat with a miserable life Obviously, she deserves to live a better life and should have done whatever she desires friendship, love and a happy Emily like others as those are basic rights of a human being.In contrast, she imprisons herself in her own house while l iving in forlornness and boredom. (owe) Moreover, she is not free to live her own life because of her fathers overprotection. As a pretty well-off girl, she is the target of lots of men. That means she has many opportunities to choose her right man. Unfortunately, her father is obviously a huge obstacle for her to live on her own. We readers can figure out what she has to suffer spiritually during her childhood beside a haughty father whose overprotection Is so relent that her life Is considered stolen.Her portray Is painted as a slender figure In white in the background. In fact, she is just a shadow beside her father. (owe) Her Tanners overprotection Is ten root AT all near monstrosities. Her extreme dependence on him results in monstrous whole shebang in her life. A new page of her life is opened when Homer Barron, a Yankee and daily laborer, appears. His appearance changes her life, but the fate doesnt smile to her. Her forgetting nobility oblige in order to live with him fi nally receives his betrayal. The hatred and desperation in her cake her commit a dreadful crime murder.What surprises and terrifies us more or less is that she continues to live with his corpse in the bridal room for many years without being detected. (owe) To sum up, William Faulkner is really a talented artist who paints the image of a miserable woman who suffers too much. She should be happy with her own decisions, but her fathers overprotection deprives her of happiness to be a wife and mother. Moreover, she is unprepared to adapt herself to a new situation. Her life is a real hell with losses and lack of love.

Coca Cola Case Study Essay

coca Cola is the most popular drink I have decided to change both the advancement of the drink and the flavouring. This exit be quite a challenging task to do, as I will have to do a lot of enquiry on the existing product frontmost. Research work will involve for model looking in the Internet and e-mailing to existing companies for information packs etc.I will offer all the opportunity to customers ( bulk) and listen to there comments on my design of product comparing it to the original product, of course this will be first done by school principalnaires and surveys etc. so different peoples views will be analysed at the end and the results will memorialise me if my product will be no-hit in the trade.My objective is basically to research into the different kinds of flavours that I could use to defy the product Coca Cola this will also mean asking customers if they would prefer the logo itself to be changed aswell as the packaging.I will only make this product if there is a need in the market as if there is no need in the market my product will not sell which will mean I will not be making a profit. I will also need to consider the followingTasteFlavourAmount of flavouringWrappingTexture other please specifyOther than the above I will also need to find show up exactly how well the drink is selling at present to see just what other changes may be needed.Marketing is concerned with identifying customers needs and satisfying those needs at a profit in such a way that the customers come back again and recommend the firm to their friends.Marketing involves everything that an organisation has to make happen if customers argon to be satisfied with its products. This is the reason why I have chose to market a mobile phone to my customers as there is a wider market bulge there for this product. In order for organisations to satisfy customers effectively and successfully, they would need to assess customer needs. By selling my product I have met consumer ne eds and this involves exploitation strategies, which be then translated into a series of marketing proposals. Marketing is, therefore, a planned purpose, which by ensuring a business satisfies customers needs and refers its business objectives helps it to outperform its rivals which I think I would be successful in doing as there is the younger generation who are constantly purchasing mobile phones and there is a great market out there.I would need to think about my objectives and in order to do that I would need to research about my product, plan everything out, take steady and smooth actions and try to be in control so that my product sells and then I may be able to meet my objectives.In order to implement a marketing strategy this requires making many decisionsWhat is the market?Non-competitive marketCompetitive marketMonopolyOligopolyHow do we atom the market?Working out all the possible markets for a good is called segmentation and each occasion of the market a segment.W hat are the unavoidablenesss & needs of each segment?Businesses bring on goods and services to meet the involves and needs of consumers everybody has wants and needs.What is the best price?If the demand for a good or service starts to increase, prices will follow and suppliers will pull more resources to producing that good or service.Which promotional method should be used?An efficient network of communications is essential for successful promotional activity. The promotional commingle comprises all the marketing and promotional objectives of the marketing mix.How should we distribute the product/service?And changing environments mean that marketers needs for information are never ending.Social & heathenish environmentEconomic EnvironmentPolitical & legal environmentTechnological environment(E1)Produce a marketing strategy for a product or service with a clear understanding of the principles of marketingThe marketing principleMany organizations think of marketing as sales. Ot hers think of it as advertising. Twenty age ago students learned the four ps of marketing product, place, price and promotion, and today its the four cs customer, competition, cost and communication. Basically the translation of the market place is continually changing. Because of the fact I will be carrying a similar task, which will involve me to change or make my proclaim product I will have to consider the followingSatisfying Every and each customer wants their necessities to be met. Matching customers needs and expectations demands detailed answers to questions. They want the right goods, at the right m, at the right price. Because my product will be based on a soft drink many consumers would want to try new drinks so I will have to set a reasonable price for it to be exchange at to satisfy customers. For example the drink coca cola is aimed at every one and also is reasonably priced.Identify I would need to consider answering questions like how I will have to keep in tou ch with customers thoughts and feelings and perception about my goods and service? This would also involve identifying what features customers would prefer to have in my good/service.Anticipating This involves looking at the future aswell as the present. I would need to consider what the public would like to have today and tomorrow. Baring in learning ability that consumer requirements change all the time such as people become richer and they might buy expensive drinks and even alcohol because they have more currency so they would spend on a expensive drink so they stand out from the crowd.Communicating effectively with customers to satisfy their expectations In order for me to produce any promotional activity I will need to communicate with my customers this would help me to find out there expectations and build an image with the world at large. Images would help others to form a judgment about what the organization stands for, and will influence their dealings with it. The way we communicate our product or service is part of the persuasion process, which would circle customers to buy the product at whatever price. The ways that customers are persuaded comes under the promotional mix. In order to achieve the promotional objectives the marketing and promotional communication methods are used which come under the promotional mix. These can be broken down into two areas1. Controllable and2. Non-controllable.Non-controllable communication This includes marketing cognitive contents such as a result of word of mouth, personal recommendation or what customers think of a product or service, depending on how long a family has been using the product/service. Designer labels and brands influence consumers spending power.Controllable communication These include messages that are carefully directed to achieve an organizations promotional objectives. Such asAdvertisements- messages sent to the media to inform or influence the people who receive them.Direct mail-perso nally addressed advertising sent through the post.Sales promotions-techniques knowing to increase sales, such as money-off coupons, free samples and competitions.Coca Cola should therefore study the communication process carefully. It should have a clear idea of what the message is whom it is sent to and what the outcome of sending it is. They should communicate effectively to always persuade consumers to go out to buy it and also have new advertising to persuade them after a while.Profitability Profit is the key for marketing. If I dont make a profit there is no point of me job I will not be able to satisfy customers requirements or identify there anticipation without the resources to put into out going marketing activities.I need to develop Coca cola in order to achieve profits, which is what my objective for the marketing strategy is. I will need to consider a low price and a quality design. I would be able to see if the demand for Coca Cola has Increased or decreased after dev eloping the product. I could improve it by changing the packaging, adding a different taste or flavour, design, price. I will need to consider the results of my questionnaires, which will be obtained from my primary and secondary research before I start making any changes to my product, as consumers will be asked if they would buy my developed product.Understanding guest Needs In order for me to make my final product a success I will need to anticipate change. This includes the age structure of the universe and consumers income. Market research is the antenna of an organisation from which you could obtain accurate results of what drinks consumers prefer or what they suggest they would like to have changing to the product. This is where marketing research starts. I would need to consider what consumers would like in order to satisfy customers needs and wants which will show if my product is going to become successful.Most marketing activities are therefore designed to meet the needs of groups of customers within a market. I would need to find a sample of my consumers in order to find out their wants and needs so that I could produce or develop a product that satisfies them. The product is the first element in the marketing mix and the ride out of the elements would need to be considered later. These may include developing the pricing for the product or service provided, working out how to distribute (place) goods to the customers, as well as how to promote them. Coca cola would need to understand customer, needs to be able to sell their product. In order to produce a product that will make them profit at the end of the day and customers wants could be met according to their needs.(E2)Appropriately identify, collect and use primary and secondary selective information relevant to the marketing strategyIf you were to survey 100 people asking them do they drink Coca Cola this would be a difficult question to answer as Coca Cola can be found in several different b rands. Some would prefer to choose a Coca Cola Diet or light or classic, with cherry or with lemon, or with or without caffeine. About five years ago this would be a question that would be feasible to answer, as then Coca Cola existed in its original form. A survey that I conducted shows that many people preferred the original Coca Cola. However the results reveal that majority of them (i.e. 17 out of 20) are not satisfied with the packaging of the drink and would like it to be more colorful aswell as in various designs rather than just in one rather boring design which has the been the same for quite so many years now. Another feature that customers (from the 20 people I interviewed) would like to see changes and improvements to is the surface of the product. Further questioning revealed that the reason for improving the size i.e. up to 5 litres would be convenient when holding family parties. These findings were very useful to me as they made me realize what the publics demand i s and what I need to do to make the product acceptable in the market, which in return would help me make a profit.The twenty people I asked replied on the basis of looking at media, which is one of the things that influences the market. They thought that advertising was a good way to promote Coca Cola, as it is very common and popular.The secondary data shows advertisements are sell in tips and the daytime spots cost less(prenominal) because there are little audiences. Many people watch television in the even the most as they relax so most of the advertisements are on then, and also mainly in the mornings as a lot of people turn the television on in the mornings.Out door advertising- poster sites in Britain are mainly in big cities alongside main roads blotto top the cities. They includes the sides and backs of buses, banners and boards at football and other sports events, both the inside and outside of London and other city taxis, bus shelters, and boards at bus and railway stati ons. ad time on TV is sold in spots ranging from one minute down to seven seconds. Daytime spots, when audiences are low cost less than those do in Peak time- the evening when millions of people may be watching Independent Television. Most evenings from 5.30 p.m. to about 10.30 p.m. is peak viewing time when TV audiences are largest. The ITV companies usually show the same programmes, though they may show different advertisements. In the UK, ITV (including GMTV), channel 4 and channel 5 (1997), show advertisements between programmes and in intervals within the programmes themselves.A half- minute spot in mid-evening on a calendar weekday could cost 1,250 on Grampian Television whereas a similar spot time cost on Carlton Television might be 23,000. One company, Grampian Television, serves only about 2,023,000 homes, but the London Region, whose programmes are provided by Charlton Television during the week and by London Weekend Televisions at weekends, has about 5,491,000 homes- 2 a nd a half times as many. TV advertising time in Britain is sold on the spot system. A spot can last for a few seconds as with many of the still advertisements for local stops or for a minute or even occasionally more. Spots are bunched into breaks which may contain just one advertisement, though this is rare, or several. Each of the programme companies charge up different rates, or prices, for its spot time. It is not hard to see why.In 1998, 14,307 million was washed-out on advertising in Britain. Over 80 per centime of this was spent on display advertising of goods and services in the press, on television, radio, posters, direct mail and in the cinema. The remaining 20 per cent or so bought classified advertising (small ads),Financial and legal notices, company announcements, and recruitment advertising (job ads) and advertising in the business and professional press.Companies also spend substantial sums on other forms of communication but statistics are not always available. H owever, it is estimated that in 1995 750 million was spent on exhibitions in Britain and substantial sums are also spent on sponsorship, sales promotion, mail order and other forms of activity.

“North and South” depends on contrasts for its momentum Essay

Gaskell is a actually capable writer she uses many skills to create automated teller machine, tension and emotion in her book. However, to create the energy in her stories that makes her stand appear as a writer, she uses contrast in many different formsThe locations in the taradiddle contrast with each other, reflecting different stages in life of Margaret. In London, where she depression starts off, it is polite, reserved and superficial. Her life on that point is complacently indolent. When she breaks back to Helstone, we see it is still in truth leisurely and languid, merely there is a steadfast and healthy feel to it. She then goes to Milton, which is in complete contrast. Here it is a very functional township everyone is preoccupied and determined. thither is more a touch perception of energy about the people, it is a centre for sensitive ideas, but it is excessively very dirty, smoggy and cold compared to the green of Helstone. In chapter 8 we see a clear contrast in Ediths letter from Corfu, describing a hot, clean atmosphere of idleness and pleasure compared to Margarets depressed north.Social values are another important factor in the novel that gives it momentumViews on Religion help to distinguish the characters. Bessy believes very strongly in God magical spell Mr. Higgins does not. This is mirrored in Margarets different attitudes to her develop about questioning the church. in that respect is also the importance of the employer and employee relationship. Margaret disagrees with the strong pinch of a parent and child relationship that exists betwixt the masters and men, that often creates tension.There are differences not only between those that are rich and those that are not, but also master and use of that riches. There is an obvious contrast between Bessy, Margaret and Fanny. They are all the same age but live completely different lives according to their wealthiness. Bessy is poor and suffers greatly from the poverty. M argaret is comfortable eon Fanny benefits from her chums wealth and like Edith enjoys an idle lifestyle.The Mr. Hales position is not as respected in the conjugation as it is in the south, as reflected in the familys trouble in getting a servant. There is also a difference in their route to wealth, Mr. Thorntons is by being dynamic, working difficult and seizing opportunities, while Mr. Hales was by doing dull, tedious work for many years.But it is their attitudes to wealth that are so different. The south prefer simple decoration, they see a secure knowledge of their wealth, while in the north, their enquire to heavily ornate and decorate themselves and surroundings is emphasised, showing a clear insecurity, and need to show off. This is best summed up at the dinner party, where Margaret shows distaste at the gross inwardness of food laid out before her, which is particularly shown up against her previous visit to Bessys house.The characters have to be both the easiest and st rongest way of showing contrasts, and creating energy.The first contrast we see is at the beginning of chapter 1, where the differences between Edith and Margaret are made clear. Edith is superficial she acts childishly, showing off her husband. Margaret on the other hand is full of needlelike reactions, nostalgia and basic sincerity.The next clear difference we see is of that between Margaret and her parents. Unlike both her parents, Margaret is strong and independent. Her father regular has to rely on her to break news of the move to her mother.However, the best poser of contrast is the first meeting of Margaret and Mr. Thornton. Here we see a strong sense of masculinity and femininity, the sexual tension is strong, and adds an electrifying air to the confrontation. Mr. Thorntons masculinity is also contrasted with that of Margarets only other suitor, Mr. Lennox, who like her father is very feminine.Then there are the contrasts between and in the families. Mr. Thornton and Mrs. Thornton are both very strong characters, bullish almost, compared to the personality of Fanny, who is similar to Edith. However, Mrs. Thornton is more perceptive than her son, and sees that he has fallen in love with Margaret, even though Mr. Thornton cannot admit it to himself or anyone else.The two mothers are in deep contrast to each other. They are the personifications of the feeling of north and south. The north being strong and uncompromising, while the south is soft and snobbish.Another contrast that is picked out in the book is between the two males. One is described as soft, weak and tired even almost feminine the other is distinctly masculine, hardened, defined, astute and energetic.The final contrast in characters is between Bessy and Margaret. This is a clear contrast, as they are both girls, and are both the same age. They differ in wealth and attitudes and it is a clear indication of what is considered important when discussing what Margaret is going to wear to the d inner party.Interestingly, there is a feeling of contrast that, while Mr. Thornton is not academically learned, which Margaret is, he is much more socially and emotionally developed than her, while she is tormented by the sights of Bessy in her state.The first important example of contrasting talk is in chapter 9, between the Hales. Here, it helps to clearly show the different positions of each character. Mr. Hale is anxious, Mrs. Hale is querulous and Margaret is overworked.There is also a contrast between the Hales argument at the beginning of this chapter and the Thorntons, at the end, to emphasise how different they are. other contrasts in dialogue include the way in which Mr. Thornton and then Mrs. Thornton talk to Margaret in chapter 15, and then in Margarets talk with Bessy where the contrasts between North and South are highlighted.Finally, another clear contrast is the sermon between Mr. Thornton and Margaret at the dinner party over the meaning of the word gentleman. Her e, Gaskell skilfully uses the dialogue to create a sense of sexual tension between them.One major point in how the structure of the novel helps to create a contrast is in the titles. Significant titles like haste to the marriage ceremony are followed roses and thorns a juxtaposition of two images that heighten the point that Gaskell is trying to put across.The other is in Mr. Lennox proposing. Here we see a sudden crisis that Margaret faces which is mirrored by a deeply poignant crisis of having to move from Helstone.Similarities help to stress the contrasts in the novel. The easiest similarity is between Margaret and Mr. Thornton, most importantly in their pride.Another is the disease shared by the Higginses and the Hales. This can almost be seen as a reflection of social illnesses inside the society.All these contrasts help to move the story along and create energy, particularly among the characters. One clear example of how Gaskell uses contrasts is in Mr. Thornton and Margarets first meeting where the sexual tension helps to create a strong atmosphere and well-written piece.

Development and use of explosives over the past century

The narration of explosives and dynamicals, excessively cognize gener all in ally as energetic materials began with the material known as gunpowder or black powder, whether the intended go for was for genteel applications such as rock blasting, force machine uses in demolition, shell filling (bursting flushs) and construction projects, or array and civilian propellant charges for in brief guns, pistols, rifles or artillery. The individual inventor of black powder will doubtlessly forever remain unknown, only if numerous writers such as Drinker (1878), Munroe (1888), Marshall (1915), and Davis (1941, 1943), described what is known about its development and evolution.Until the discovery of nitrated explosive compounds such as nitrocotton by schonbein and Bottger (independently of one another) and nitroglycerine by Sobrero (all occurring in 1846), the only explosive available for any purpose was black powder. 1) Solid (particulate) propellants 2) troops explosives 3) Com mercial explosives. Propellants Propellants may be granular, solid, or liquid. The primary focus was on granular (particulate) material since they be the most commonly encountered by the forensic chemist.Solid propellants be deflagrating materials designed to accelerate a projectile from its attitude of rest at the breech of a weapon to its full velocity as it exits the tube or barrel. In the ideal (and designed for case), the complete consumption of the propellant and the exit of projectile occurs at the corresponding instant. Propellant gains ar thus chemically formulated and physically designed to achieve this end. The gains burn sh be to particle at speeds below the speed of sound in the material this defined the word deflagrating. historically such materials have been termed progressive powders.In addition to burning particle- to- particle burns from its free surface inner or, in the case of perforated grains, excessively from the free surface outward. This characteri stic enables the propellant designer to size of it and configure the grains or particles to be totally consumed at the optimum instant. Propellant gains may be frame in multitude of shapes and sizes, as might be expected given the varieties of weapons and desired pressures and projectile velocities. slow powder Black powder is the mixture of three components, generally (and originally) charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate.These are typically in the ratio of 151075. Many variations to that ratio have been used Cundill (1889) lists over 20 varieties, more with sub varieties. Most of the differences, however, are insignificant. The one major development in the past 100 years is the use of sodium nitrate in some black powder grades. Black powder has an native drawback as a military propellant due to the fact that it produces a solid reaction product. Because of this, a dense black cloud is produced upon firing weapon is readily apparent, and after(prenominal) a number of round s are fired the volume of battlefield smoke leads to confusion and general chaos.For this reason the development of the smoke-free propellant charge was an objective of every governments weapons laboratory. Upon the discovery of the nitration reaction this research intensified. Smokeless powder The early history of the nitrated carbohydrates, which embroils the 1833 discovery of nitro-starch (called xyloidine by its discoverer, Braconnot) and guncotton, called pyroxyline or pyroxyle be the chemist Pelouze, is thoroughly covered by Devis (1941).Guncotton, nitrocellulose of blue nitrogen content (13. 35% to 13. 45%), was the first nitrated material to be tried as a replacement for black powder, yet it was too prone to accidents. However its military use go on after it was found that the newly invented mercury fulminate blasting cap would cause compressed guncotton to detonate, leading to its application as a demolition charge and shell filling. Its use was rather short lived, ho wever due to the introduction of picric acid.Research was continued on nitrocellulose of lower nitrogen content as a propellant material, and the first good smokeless riffle powder was produced by Vielle in 1886, for the cut Government. This was nitrocellulose with either alcohol, kneaded in bread making type machine, rolled out into thin sheets, and thusly cut into small squares and dried ( phalanx Explosives, 1924). This was a single menage smokeless powder (nitrocellulose only). In 1888 Nobel invented a powder called Ballistite, which was a low nitrated nitrocotton gelatinized with nitroglycerin which came to be known as double derriere powder.In the same year Cordite (given that name because it was extruded in the form of cord or ribbon), a mixture of high nitrated guncotton, nitroglycerine, and Vaseline, gelatinized by mode if acetone was developed by an English Committee. (Marshall, 1915) Later triple base smokeless powder were developed, containing nitro guanidine in add ition to the nitrocotton and nitroglycerin of typical double base powders. Triple base powders were cooler-burning than the single or double base materials and use was mainly restricted to large dullard weapons.Developments in smokeless powder since those early days had been primarily to improve st index, decrease the erosion of the barrel of the weapon, prevail pressures, decrease smoke output (smokeless powders are smokeless in comparison to black powder, but still produce visible smoke), and to decrease the muzzle flash from a firing weapon. The geometry of powders may include flakes, tubes, cylinders, sticks, flattened balls, or spheres. Military Explosives As black powder was the first propellant, so it was the first military explosive too.It was used for shell filling, demolition, and military construction projects from the earliest times up until the invention of nitroglycerin. Military explosives as discussed here are those used as the shell filing or bursting charge in ar tillery round and those explosives used for demolition charges. Military construction projects typically use commercial-type explosives, except in field-expedient situations. The brief use of guncotton as a military explosive was noted above. Trinitrotoluene (trinitrotoluene)During and after demesne War I the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT, C7H5N3O6) became the dominant shell filling and demolition charge material. TNT has the advantage of creation very easy to cast, since it has a wide spread between its melting and decomposition temperatures. One disadvantage is its extreme insensitivity. In the order to conserve TNT for small caliber shells in World War I, a mixture of TNT and ammonium nitrate (amatol) was developed. It was specified for use only in shell of $. 7-inch to 9. 2-inch diameter (Crowell, 1919) but in actual practice it was used in all sizes.For the same reason of conserving TNT, nitro starch explosives were used very successfully in that war for get to grenades an d trench mortar shells (Williams, 1920). Tetryl Tetryl (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyllmethylnitramine, N-2, 4, 6-tetra-nitro-N-methyl aniline, or picrylmethyl nitramine) was used in military boosters, but has generally been replaced by materials such as RDX and HMX. The tetrytols are mixtures of tetryl and TNT, which were utilized in boosters, demolition charges, shells, and shaped charges. The TNT generally ranged from 20 to 35 percent of the mixture.An advantage of tetrytol is that it allows the casting of the explosive into munitions rather than requiring pressing. It is also more powerful than TNT, but not as sensitive as tetryl alone. RDX and HMX Between the world Wars a number of explosives were developed, and after the start of the arcminute war a vast amount of explosives research took place. One of the most important and useful military explosive is RDX (an acronym for Research Department Explosive), which was discovered in 1899, but not used until World War II.It is also called cyclonite, hexagen, and cyclo-trimethylenetrinitramine. HMX was another explosive used for military applications during and after World War II. The initials are said to stand for High Melting Explosive, although other sources for the acronym are sometimes cited. It is also called cyclo-tetramethylenetetranitramine or octogen. (Beveridge 1-4) Blasting and Use of Explosives Only authorized persons can handle and use explosives. No person use explosives is allowed to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs.Nothing which could be an ignition source, such as matches, uncivil flames, or smokers, is to be around explosives. Accountability is required to realise that explosives are under the care of a qualified person. All blasting aboveground is done between sunup and sundown and, when blasting is done, blasters are to take special precaution near public utilities, around transportation conveyances, and near public areas to assure safety and mitigate any damage. Care mustiness be ta ken to assure that accidental previous(p) ignition does not occur from stray electrical sources or radio transmitters.The blaster is to be considered a competent person in the use and care of explosives, and have experience with the type of blasting methods being used. The transportation of explosive and blasting materials must conform to the department of Transportation regulatory provisions. Drivers of trucks containing explosives and blasting equipment must be licensed and should be in good physical and mental condition. No blasting materials are to be transported with other cargo and blasting caps are not to be transported in the same vehicle as other explosives.These vehicles should be marked with a placard signifying Explosives and have a fully supercharged fire extinguisher. (Reese, Edison 648) Different uses of an Explosive Blasting is extremely important both to mining and the world economy. The look is often used, If it cant be grown it has to be mined, however if the g round is too gruelling to be mechanically mined economically, it has to be blasted. Certainly many materials, such as iron, copper and concrete to name but a few would be significantly more expensive if it werent for explosives and our ability to easily drill holes to use these explosives efficiently.Shock wave compression technology is not only a means of extremely high-pressure generation, but also a means of extremely high-temperature production in solids. When detonate stroke load is applied to solids by means of explosive and high-speed impact, the shock pressure and the shock temperature generated depend on the shock load and the density of the solid. Between 1985 and early 1991, there were 182 incendiary or explosive devices planted in Great Britain by animal-rights activists.This number accounted for approximately 50 percent of all explosive devices planted in all of Great Britain, making it numerically a larger chore in Great Britain than incidents attributed to the pro visional Irish Republican Army. However, the majority of these devices were removed less sophisticated and far less dangerous than the PIRA devices. In 1980 in Great Britain, the first use of high explosives by animal-rights terrorists took place. These acts look to have been perpetrates by a small group, which had obtained a high explosive used both in military operations and in commercial applications, such as quarries.First it was used against the staff restaurant at Bristol University, where a 5-puound bomb was set off about midnight, wrecking about both floors of the building. More deep in 1990, the same explosive was used presumably by the same group in two car bobs. In one case, a passing infant was severely wounded. Conclusion During the past centuries, it has been proven that there is a beginning international acknowledgement of the future need for demolition of plants and buildings. There is also evidence of an increasing interest in demolition techniques and the re-us e of building materials.There are literally hundreds of different types of explosives, alter from black powder used in pipe bombs (still a favorite of domestic bombers), to dynamite sticks, and from blocks of TNT to tractile explosives that can be molded into diverse forms, including thin sheets. A dozen or so of the most notable explosives are used by the terrorists. Of particular note are the explosives RDX and PETN which, together with plastic and other fillers, compose many plastic explosives such as Detasheet and SEMTEX.Explosives are mostly harmful ( foul) but on the other hand in many cases they are useful (constructive) too. Doctors, Engineers use explosives in a constructive way while at the same time criminals and terrorists use explosive in the destructive way. There are many uses of explosives such as Mining, Pyrotechnics, Building Demolition and even Construction. Explosives are also used in Carve Mount Rushmore, Avalanches and are used in backcountry for Trail Mainte nance. Explosive are used in Medicines to break-up kidney-stones.Works citedBeveridge, Alexander. Forensic Investigation of Explosions. New York CRC Press, 1998. 1,2,3,4Kasai, Yoshio. Kenkyuio, Kenchiku, Kensetsusho. (Japan), Nihon Daigaku. Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry transactions of the Second.New York Taylor & Francis, 1998. 49Technology against terrorism the federal effort, US DIANE Publishing, (1992)Reese, D. Charles. Eidson, V. James. Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and health New York CRC Press, 2006. 648

Spirit Bound Chapter Twenty-Two

I DIDNT TAKE THE GUYS advice and tear impinge on sur baptismal font of there, though I didnt exactly sit on the front step either. I lingered nigh in a cluster of cherry trees, figuring it would only be a matter of cartridge clip before the assembly ended and quite a little spilled out the doors. After several minutes passed and no involvement happened, I flipped into Lissas sagacity and discovered topics were still in full force. condescension Tatiana declaring twice now that the session was over, masses were still standing approximately and arguing in assemblys.Tasha was standing in superstar such group with Lissa and Adrian, making whizz of the impassi unmatchedd speeches she was so not bad(predicate) at. Tasha might not be as coldly calculating as Tatiana was when it came to political incites, entirely Tasha did have a keen sense of ripples in the ashes and recognized opportunities when they came. She was against the age-lowering decree. She was for teaching Mor oi to fight. Neither of those was getting her very(prenominal) furthest, so she jumped on the nigh best matter Lissa.Why are we arguing among ourselves slightly how best to kill Strigoi when we can save them? Tasha put one arm around Lissa and one around Adrian, drawing them both forward. Lissa still wore her serenely confident sprightliness, only Adrian looked ready to bolt if given half a chance. Vasilisawho, by the way, is indeed being denied her fair vocalise here, thanks to an archaic lawhas sh ingest that Strigoi can be brought back.That hasnt been proven, exclaimed one man in the crowd.Are you kidding? asked a woman beside him. My sister was with the group that brought him back. She says hes definitely a dhampir. He was even out in the solarizeTasha nodded in approval at the woman. I was there as good. And now we have two inwardness drug users capable of doing this for separate Strigoi.As much as I respected Tasha, I wasnt entirely with her on this. The amount of powernot to take down effort involved in the stakingthat Lissa had required with Dimitri had been staggering. It had even temporarily hurt the bond. That didnt toy with she couldnt do it again. Nor did it mean she wouldnt want to again. She was just naively compassionate enough to dispose herself into the line of fire to support others. But I knew the much power a kernel user wielded, the quicker theyd travel down the road to insanity.And Adrian well, he was almost a nonissue here. Even if he wanted to go staking Strigoi, he didnt have the sort of healing power it would take to restore oneat least not now. Its wasnt uncommon for Moroi to use their elements in different ways. Some fire users, similar Christian, had ingenious control of flame itself. Others could only use their magic to, say, warm the air in a mode. Likewise, Lissa and Adrian had their strengths with spirit. His superlative healing triumph was m polish a fracture, and she still couldnt walk dreams, no mat ter how much she practiced.So, re in all(prenominal)y, Tasha had one spirit user capable of saving Strigoi, and that one could hardly transform legions of those monsters. Tasha did seem to recognize this a little.The Council shouldnt be wasting time with age laws, she continued. We need to sink our resources into finding more spirit users and recruiting them to help save Strigoi. She fixed her gaze on someone in the crowd. Martin, didnt your brother get turned against his leave behind? With enough work, we could bring him back to you. Alive. proficient like you knew him. Otherwise, hes just going to get staked when guardians find himand of physical body hell be slaughtering innocents along the way.Yeah, Tasha was good. She could paint a good image and about brought that Martin rib to tears. She didnt really mention people whod turned Strigoi willingly. Lissa, still standing with her, wasnt sure how she felt about the idea of a Strigoi-saving spirit army, and she did recognize how this was all part of several other plans Tasha hadincluding one to get Lissa voting rights.Tasha play up Lissas abilities and character, scoffing at what was clearly an outdated law from an era that never could have foreseen this situation. Tasha elevate pointed out that a full Council of twelve families would send a message to Strigoi everywhere about Moroi unity.I didnt want to visualise any more. Id let Tasha wield her political magic and talk more to Lissa later. I was still so agitated about what had happened when Id yelled at the Council that I couldnt stand to see that room anymore. I left her mind and returned to my own, yelping when I saw a face right in front of mine.AmbroseOne of the best-looking dhampirs on the planetafter Dimitri, of courseflashed me a gleaming, movie-star smile. You were so still, I ideal maybe you were try to be a dryad.I blinked. A what?He gestured to the cherry trees. Nature spirits. stunning women who become one with trees.Im not sure if that was a compliment or not, I say. But its good to see you again.Ambrose was a true oddity in our culture a male dhampir who had neither interpreted guardian vows nor run off to hide among humans. Female dhampirs often chose not to join the guardians in parade to focus on raising families. Thats why we were so rare. But men? They had no excuse, as further as most people were concerned. Rather than skulk off in disgrace, however, Ambrose had chosen to stay and plainly work for the Moroi another way. He was essentially a servanta high-class one who served drinks at elite parties and gave massages to royal women. He as well, if rumors were true, served Tatiana in physical ways. That was so creepy, though, I promptly put it out of my mind.You too, he told me. But if you arent communing with nature, what are you doing?Its a long history. I kind of got take a crapn out of a Council meeting.He looked instiled. Literally thrown out?Dragged, I guess. Im surprised I havent seen you around, I mused. Of course, Ive kind of been, um, flurry this exist week.So Ive heard, he express, giving me a sympathetic look. Although, I actually have been away. Just got back last night.Just in time for the fun, I muttered.The guileless look on his face told me hadnt heard about the decree yet. What are you doing now? he asked. This doesnt look like punishment. Did you finish your censure?Something like that. Im kind of waiting for someone now. Was just going to mention out in my room.Well, if youre kill time, why dont you come see Aunt Rhonda?Rhonda? I scowled. No offense, but your aunt didnt really impress me with her abilities last time.None taken, he said cheerfully. But shes been wondering about you. And Vasilisa. So, if youre just hanging aroundI hesitated. He was right that I had nothing better to do right now. I was stuck on options with both Dimitri and the Councils idiotic resolutions. Yet Rhondahis fortune-telling Moroi auntwasnt someone I really wanted to see again. condescension my glib words, the truth was that in retrospect, some of Rhondas predictions had come true. I just didnt like what theyd been.Fine, I said, trying to look bored. Make it fast.He smiled again, like he could see with my ruse, and led me off to a building Id been to once before. It housed a luxurious salon and spa frequented by royal Moroi. Lissa and I had had our nails make there, and as Ambrose and I wound our way through it to Rhondas lair, I felt a strange pain within me. Manicures and pedicures they seemed like the most trivial things in the world. But on that day, theyd been wonderful. Lissa and I had laughed and grown impendent just before the school was attacked and everything fell apart.Rhonda told fortunes in a back room that was far from the busy spa. Despite the seedy feel of it, she did a pretty brisk business and even had her own receptionist. Or, well, she used to. This time, the desk was empty, and Ambrose led me straight through to Rhondas ro om. It looked exactly the same as before, like being privileged a heart. Everything was red the wallpaper, the decorations, and the cushions covering the floor.Rhonda herself sit on the floor, eating a cup of yogurt, which seemed terribly indifferent for someone who allegedly wielded mystical powers. Curly black hair cascaded around her shoulders, making the large bills hoops in her ears gleam.Rose Hathaway, she said happily, setting the yogurt aside. What a nice surprise.Shouldnt you have seen me approaching? I asked dryly.Her lips twitched with amusement. Thats not my power.Sorry to interrupt your dinner, Ambrose said, gracefully folding his muscled body as he sat down. But Rose isnt easy to catch hold of.I imagine not, she said. Im impressed you got her to come at all. What can I do for you today, Rose?I shrugged and sank down beside Ambrose. I dont know. Im only here because Ambrose talked me into it.She didnt phone your last reading was very good, he said.Hey I shot him a chastising look. Thats not exactly what I said.Last time, Lissa and Dimitri had been with me. Rhondas tarot separate had shown Lissa crowned with power and lightno surprise. Rhonda had said Dimitri would lose what he valued most, and he had his soul. And me? Rhonda had bluntly told me that Id kill the undead. Id scoffed at that, knowing I had a lifetime of Strigoi-killing out front of me. Now I wondered if undead meant the Strigoi part of Dimitri. Even if I hadnt driven the stake, Id certainly played a major role.Maybe another reading would help the other one make more sense? she offered.My mind was putting together another fraud psychic joke, which was why it was so astonishing when my mouth said, Thats the problem. The other one did make sense. Im afraid Im afraid of what else the cards will show.The cards dont make the future, she said gently. If somethings meant to be, itll be, disregardless of whether you see it here. And even then well, the future is always changing. If we had no choices, thered be no point in living.See now, I said flippantly, thats the kind of vague gypsy response I was hoping for.Roma, she corrected. Not gypsy. Despite my snark, she still seemed to be in a good mood. Easygoing attitudes must have run in their family. Do you want the cards or not?Did I? She was right about one thingthe future would unfold with or without me see it in the cards. And even if the cards showed it, I probably wouldnt regard it until afterward.Okay, I said. Just for fun. I mean, last time was probably a lucky guess.Rhonda rolled her look but said nothing as she began shuffling her tarot deck. She did it with such precision that the cards seemed to move themselves. When she finally stopped, she handed the deck to me to cut. I did, and she put it back together.We did three cards before, she said. Weve got time to do more if youd like. Five, perhaps?The more there are, the more likely it is that anything can get explained.If you dont gestate in them, th en it shouldnt be an issue.Okay, then. Five.She grew serious as she flipped out the cards, her eyes carefully studying them. both of the cards had come out upside down. I didnt take that as a good sign. Last time, Id intimate that it make seemingly happy cards well, not so happy.The first one was one the Two of Cups, showing a man and a woman together in a grassy, flower-filled field eon the sun shone above them. Naturally, it was upside down.Cups are tied to emotions, Rhonda explained. The Two of Cups shows a union, a perfect bop and blossoming of joyous emotions. But since its invertedYou know what? I interrupted. I think Im getting the hang of this. You can skip that one. I have a good idea what it means. It might as well have been Dimitri and me on that card, the cup empty and full of heartache. I really didnt want to hear Rhonda analyze what was already tearing my heart up.So she went on to the next one the Queen of Swords, similarly upside down.Cards like this refer to sp ecific people, Rhonda told me. The Queen of Swords looked very imperious, with auburn hair and currency robes. The Queen of Swords is clever. She thrives on knowledge, can outwit her enemies, and is ambitious.I sighed. But upside downUpside down, said Rhonda, all of those traits get twisted. Shes still smart, still trying to get her way but shes doing it through meretricious ways. Theres a lot of hostility and deception here. Id say you have an enemy.Yeah, I said, eyeing the crown. I think I can guess who. I just called her a sanctimonious bitch.Rhonda didnt comment and moved on to the next one. It was facing the right way, but I kind of wished it wasnt. It had a whole bunch of swords stuck in the demesne and a woman tied and blindfolded to one. Eight of Swords.Oh, come on, I exclaimed. What is it with me and swords? You gave me one this depressing last time. It had shown a woman weeping in front of a wall of swords.That was the Nine of Swords, she agreed. It could always be wors e.I have a hard time believing that.She picked up the rest of the deck and scanned through it, finally pulling out one card. The Ten of Swords. You could have drawn this. It showed a dead guy lying on the ground with a bunch of swords driven through him.Point taken, I said. Ambrose chuckled beside me. Whats the nightclub mean?The nine is being trapped. Unable to get out of a situation. It can also mean slander or accusation. Summoning courage to escape something. I glanced back at the queen, thinking of the things Id said in the Council room. Those would definitely count as accusations. And being trapped? Well, there was always the possibility of a lifetime of paperworkI sighed. Okay, whats the next one? It was the best-looking one in the bunch, the Six of Swords. It had a bunch of people in a boat, rowing off over moonlit water.A move around, she said.I was just on a journey. A few of them. I eyed her suspiciously. Man, this isnt, like, some kind of a spiritual journey is it?Ambr ose laughed again. Rose, I wish youd get tarot readings every day.Rhonda ignored him. If it were in cups, maybe. But swords are tangible. Action. A true, out-and-about journey.Where on earth would I go? Did it mean I was traveling to the Academy like Tatiana had suggested? Or was it possible that, in spite of all my rule breaking and calling her royal highness names, I might actually get an assignment after all? One away from Court?You could be looking for something. It may be a physical journey combined with a spiritual journey, she said, which sounded like a total way to cover her ass. This last one Her eyebrows knitted into a frown at the fifth card. This is hidden from me.I peered at it. The Page of Cups. Seems pretty obvious. Its a page with, um, cups.Usually I have a clear vision. The cards speak to me in how they connect. This ones not clear.The only thing thats not clear is whether its a girl or a boy. The person on the card looked new-fangled but had hair and an androgynou s face that made the gender impossible to determine. The blue tights and tunica didnt help, though the sunny field in the background seemed promising.It can be either, Rhonda said. Its the lowest in clique of the cards that represent people in each suit King, Queen, Knight, and then Page. Whoever the page is, its someone real and creative. Optimistic. It could mean someone who goes on the journey with youor maybe the reason for your journey.Whatever optimism or truth Id had in the cards pretty much disappeared with that. Given that shed just said about a one C things it could be, I didnt really consider it authoritative. Usually, she noticed my skepticism, but her attention was still on the card as she frowned.But I just cant tell. Theres a cloud around it. Why? It doesnt make sense.Something about her confusion sent a chill down my spine. I always told myself this was fake, but if shed been making it all up well, wouldnt she have made something up about the Page of Cups? She wa snt putting on a very convincing act if this last card was making her question herself. The thought that maybe there was some mystical force out there blocking her sobered up my cynical attitude.With a sigh, she looked up at last. Sorry thats all I can tell you. Did the rest help?I scanned the cards. Heartache. An enemy. Accusations. Entrapment. Travel. Some of it tells me things I already know. The rest leaves me with more questions.She smiled knowingly. Thats how it usually is.I thanked her for the reading, secretly glad I didnt have to honorarium for it. Ambrose walked me out, and I tried to shake off the mood Rhondas fortune had left me in. I had enough problems in my life without letting a bunch of stupid cards bother me.You going to be pass? he asked when we finally emerged. The sun was climbing higher. The Royal Court would be going to bed soon, ending what had been a turbulent day. I I wouldnt have brought you if Id known how much it would upset you.No, no, I said. Its not the cards. Not exactly. Theres a bunch of other things going on one you should probably know about.I hadnt wanted to bring up the decree when wed first run into each other, but as a dhampir, he had a right to hear about what had happened. His face was perfectly still as I spoke, save for his dark brown eyes, which grew wider while the story progressed.Theres some mistake, he said at last. They wouldnt do that. They wouldnt do that to sixteen-year-olds.Yeah, well, I didnt think so either, but they were apparently serious enough about it to throw me out when I, um, questioned it.I can just imagine your questioning. All thisll do is make more dhampirs fall out of the guardians unless, of course, being that young makes them more open for brainwashing.Kind of a sensitive area for you, huh? I asked. After all, he too was a guardian drop-out.He shook his head. Staying in this society was nearly impossible for me. If any of those kids do decide to drop out, they wont have the powerful frie nds I did. Theyll be outcasts. Thats all thisll do. Either kill off teens or cut them off from their own people.I wondered what powerful friends hed had, but this was hardly the time to learn his life history. Well, that royal bitch doesnt seem to care.The thoughtful, distracted look in his eyes suddenly sharpened. Dont call her that, he warned with a glare. This isnt her fault.Whoa. Cue surprise. Id almost never seen sexy, charismatic Ambrose be anything but friendly. Of course its her fault Shes the supreme ruler of the Moroi, remember?His scowl deepened. The Council voted too. Not her alone.Yeah, but she voted in support of this decree. She swayed the vote.There must have been a reason. You dont know her like I do. She wouldnt want this kind of thing.I started to ask if he was out of his mind but paused when I remembered his relationship with the queen. Those romantic rumors made me queasy, but if they were true, I supposed he might have legitimate concern for her. I also decided it was probably best that I didnt know her the way he did. The bite marks on his neck certainly indicated some sort of intimate activity.Whatevers going on between you is your business, I told him calmly, but shes used it to trick you into thinking shes someone she isnt. She did it to me too, and I fell for it. Its all a scam.I dont believe it, he said, still stone-faced. As queen, shes put into all sorts of tough situations. There must be more to itshell change the decree, Im certain of it.As queen, I said, imitating his tone, she should have the ability toMy words fell off as a voice spoke in my head. Lissas.Rose, youre going to want to see this. But you have to pact not to cause any trouble. Lissa flashed a location to me, along with a sense of urgency.Ambroses hard look shifted to one of concern. Are you approve?Iyeah. Lissa needs me. I sighed. Look, I dont want us to fight, okay? Obviously weve each got different views of the situation but I think we both agree on the same k ey point.That kids shouldnt be sent off to die? Yeah, we can agree on that. We smiled tentatively at each other, and the anger between us diffused. Ill talk to her, Rose. Ill find out the real story and let you know, okay?Okay. I had a hard time believing anyone could really have a heart-to-heart with Tatiana, but again, there might be more to their relationship than I realized. Thanks. It was good seeing you.You too. Now gogo to Lissa.I needed no further urging. Along with the sense of urgency, Lissa had passed one other message through the bond that sent my feet flying Its about Dimitri.

The Roles of Tonal and Segmental Information in Mandarin Spoken

Assignment 1 Article Summary In their article, the roles of tonal and divided teaching in Mandarin communicate give-and-take recognition an optictracking think, Malins and Joanisse investigate how supra segmented features affect on-line auditory word perception. Current speech perception models have locomote short in accounting for suprasegmental features beca using up all told have been based on Indo-European languages. In this study, Malins and Joanisse extend the potential of suprasegmental features by examining the role of tone in auditory word recognition.Preliminary studies on which Malins and Joanisse based their study show that features of stress alone could not account for word constraint activation. wiz of the reasons that stress was a poor candidate for word constraint during lexical priming tasks was that they were situated at heart polysyllabic structures. Tone features, on the other hand, atomic number 18 situated within monosyllabic structures. Listeners of tonal languages are required to make distinctions based on these features alone. In addition, these preliminary studies showed that tonal information was processed after segmental information.However, these propositions were brought into skepticism as Liu and Samuel (2007) discovered that most of the preliminary studies in speech perception did not utilize contextual constraints. More recent studies seem to show that tonal features are to a greater extent telling in constraining word activation when in a sentential context and segmental features more effective in word constraint in a lack of contextual information. Malins and Joanisse set bug out to examine the role of tonal features in Mandarin word recognition by employing the visual macrocosm paradigm.This would allow the use of eye tracking which would measure the on-line auditory processing among four antagonist categories segmental, cohort, rhyme and tonal. The segmental category tractd all phonemic features except for tones, the cohort shared all but word final phonemes, the rhyme differed in onset consonant, and the tonal shared only tone. The interest was hypothesized tonal and segmental information would be accessed at very similar points in time and share equal potential for word recognition constraint.Additionally, rhyme competitors would be viewed more than unrelated items and that tonal categories would micturate little interference effect with target items. Twenty-four native Mandarin speakers were chosen as participants in this study. The mean age was 28, although seven were excluded from the study due to excessive use of peripheral vision (lack of eye movement data). Experimental stimuli comprised of 27 monosyllabic Mandarin words. The unrelated distractor tones were comprised of phonologically unrelated segments.A picture array was shown on screen for 1. 5s followed by a . 5 second transition at which point the central reparation point appeared. Participants focused on the fixat ion point while selecting the correct target picture for the intercommunicate utterance. When the auditory stimulus was provided, the time course was measured through observing eye movements. If there were meaning(a) interference mingled with tone and segment, then processing times would be increased therefore suggesting parallel roles in constraining word activation.The pictures in the array provided conceptual constraint. This ensured that sub-lexical access was being observed. This visual word picture matching task was used to create an environment that demanded lexical access using conceptual constraint. This method would supplement the hypothesis by leading participants to utilize tonal information. In the tasks, the act of insistency a button demanded lexical access and the four competitor pictures provided the conceptual constraint. There were 280 data-based trials.The experimental setting was kept monolingual as to eliminate the potential for confounding effects of bili ngual interference. The results of this study show that the competition between target words and competitors was greatest for the segmental and cohort categories. This is crucial because the segmental category diverged from the cohort in tonal information only and the cohort category diverged in segmental information. This supports the hypothesis that both tonal and segmental information show an equal role in word recognition.Furthermore, the time course information for both cohort and segmental categories were similar. This seemed to indicate that segmental and tonal information are both accessed at the same time. There were no data supporting the claim that rhyme competitors would be looked at more than the distractors. This went against the second hypothesis and was likely a result of a discontinuity between rhyming features in Mandarin compared to English. This study could help improve existing models of speech perception by providing a firmer basis for tonal processing in audit ory word recognition.This might raise the question of how tonal information should be represented in a speech perception model. Ye and Connine (1999) have proposed the use of tonemes since they act as antagonistic units that can be categorically perceived like their segmental counterparts. with summarizing, I have come to a better chthonianstanding of how this study would influence the TRACE model. Particularly, how different levels of word representations are shaped by spreading activation tonemes possibly being the newest.By accounting for suprasegmental features, a speech perception model would be much more robust and functional. One ill-tempered thought that has arisen as a result of this study is how tone recognition contrasts between the modalities of speech vs. music. Do they share overlapping neurological locations and functions? Also of interest is whether individuals with amusia (tone deafness) are able to utilize tones as contrastive units in a language? References Liu, S. , & Samuel, A. G. (2007).The role of Mandarin lexical tones in lexical access under different contextual conditions. voice communication and Cognitive Processes, 22(4), 566594. Malins, G. M. & Joanisse, M. F. (2010). The roles of tonal and segmental information in Mandarin spoken word recognition an eyetracking study. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(4), 407-420. Ye, Y. , & Connine, C. M. (1999). Processing spoken Chinese The role of tone information. Language and Cognitive Processes Special Issue Processing East Asian Languages, 14(56), 609630.